திராவிடநாடுஎதற்காகமனிதமலத்தைஅள்ளஊக்குவிக்கிறது (2)?
- Manual scavenging-TN-2010
| மனிதமலத்தைஅள்ளும்துப்புரவுத்தொழிலாளர்மேம்பாட்டிற்காக, அரசு என்ன செய்தது?: ஆகஸ்ட் 5, 2009 அன்று சேவாமன் டிரஸ்ட் என்ற அமைப்பின் உறுப்பினர் ஏ. நாராயணன் தொடுத்திருந்த வழக்கில், விசாரித்து ஒரு கமிட்டியை உருவாக்கி மாநிலத்திலுள்ள கழிவுநீர் வடிகால் முறையை மேன்படுத்த மற்றும், சுற்றுநிலையை சீர்படுத்த, குறிப்பாக மனிதமல அள்ளுதல் முறையை அடியோடு ஒழிக்க ஆவணசெய்யமாறு ஆணையிட்டது.அரசால் அமைக்கப்பட்ட கமிட்டி சும்மா உட்கார்ந்து கொண்டிருக்கிறது: அதன்படியே, ஒரு கமிட்டி அமைக்கப்பட்டு, அதில் நாராயணனுன் ஒரு உறுப்பினராகச் சேர்த்துக் கொள்ளப்பட்டார். ஆனால், கமிட்டியின் சேர்மென் மற்ற உறுப்பினர்கள் இதில் எந்த கவனத்தையும் அக்கரையையும் செல்லுத்துவது மாதிரி தெரியவில்லை. அதன்படியே எந்த நடிவடிக்கையும் எடுக்கப்படாமல் இருக்கிறது.
நீதிமன்ற அவமதிப்பு வழக்கு போடப்பட்டது: அதனால், சேவாமன் டிரஸ்ட் என்ற அமைப்பின் உறுப்பினர் தொடுத்திருந்த ஒரு நீதிமன்ற அவமதிப்பு வழக்கை விசாரித்த நீதிபதிகள் ஜூலை 22, 2010 அன்று சென்னை குடிநீர் மற்றும் வடிகால் வாரித்திற்கு மனிதமல அள்ளுதல் முறையை அடியோடு ஒழிக்க என்ன நடவடிக்கை எடுத்துள்ளது என்று கேட்டு நோட்டிஸ் அனுப்பியுள்ளது. |
மனிதமலத்தைஅள்ளும்துப்புரவுத்தொழிலாளர்மேம்பாட்டிற்காக, மத்தியஅரசுஒதுக்கீடுசெய்த 54 கோடியே 28 லட்சம்ரூபாய்செலவிடப்படவில்லை: இது ஏதோ புதிய பிரச்சினை என்று நினைத்துக் கொண்டு விடவேண்டாம். ஆகஸ்டு மாதம் 2008 மத்திய தேசிய துப்புரவுப் பணியாளர் கமிஷனின் தலைவர் சந்தோஷ் சவுத்ரி தமிழகத்திற்கு வந்திருந்தபோது, மத்திய அரசு கொடுத்த பணம் மற்றும் மானியத்தை சரியாக செலவிடவில்லை மற்றும் பட்டுவாடா செய்யப்படவில்லை என்று எடுத்துக் காட்டினார். குறிப்பாக, “மனித மலத்தை அள்ளும் துப்புரவுத் தொழிலாளர் மேம்பாட்டிற்காக, மத்திய அரசு 57 கோடியே 80 லட்சம் ரூபாய் ஒதுக்கீடு செய்தது. அதில், 24 கோடியே 52 லட்சம் ரூபாய் மட்டும் மாநில அரசு செலவிட்டுள்ளது; 33 கோடியே 28 லட்சம் ரூபாய் செலவிடப்படாமல் உள்ளது. இது தவிர, இந்த ஆண்டு தமிழகத்திற்காக 21 கோடி ரூபாய் ஒதுக்கீடு செய்யப்பட்டு, அதுவும் செலவிடப்படாமல் மொத்தம் 54 கோடியே 28 லட்சம் ரூபாய் செலவிடப்படவில்லை“, என்றும் எடுத்துக் காட்டினார். அன்றையிலிருந்துதான் அவருக்கு “அருந்ததியரின்” மீது மோகம் வந்தது! இருப்பினும், அவர்தான் எல்லாவற்றிற்கும் பதில் சொல்வதற்கு திறமையானர் தானே?
முழுவிவரங்களுக்கு, என்னுடைய 23-08-2008 தேதியிட்ட கீழ்காணும் கட்டுரையை வாசிக்கவும்:
திராவிடநாடுஎதற்காகமனிதமலத்தைஅள்ளஊக்குவிக்கிறது?
http://atheismtemples.wordpress.com/2009/12/25/திராவிடநாடு-எதற்காக-மனித/
Why “Dravidanadu” promotes manual scavenging?
http://vedaprakash.indiainteracts.in/2008/08/23/why-%E2%80%9Cdravidanadu%E2%80%9D-promotes-manual-scavenging/
Why “Dravidanadu” promotes manual scavenging?
VEDAPRAKASH
vedamvedaprakash@yahoo.com
Tamilnadu using huge manual scavengers: Ms. Chowdhary, Chairperson of National Commission for Safai Karamcharis regretted that Tamil Nadu, one of the largest States in the country, was employing a huge number of scavengers instead of proving to be a role model employer that could be replicated by other States[1]. This is very intriguing because, the Dravidian politicians who have been ruling since 1969 have always had been making tall claims that they fight for “Social justice” and so on, conferring titles on them as savoir of social justice and so on. Their party manifestoes tom-tom with many such claims, though all of them have been only on papers.
States, particularly Tamilnadu, are not utilising funds for their rehabilitation[2]: She regretted that Tamil Nadu, one of the largest States in the country, was employing not only a huge number of scavengers instead of proving to be a role model employer that could be replicated by other States, but also not utilising funds allotted in this regard! She points out that though Rs. 57.80 crore was allotted to the State under the National Scheme for Liberation and Rehabilitation, only Rs. 24.52 crore was utilised. Once again Rs. 21 crore had been allotted under the new Self Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers. She also urged the States to implement the minimum wages for the Safai Karamcharis fixed by the Centre. In ‘A’ class cities, the amount is Rs. 180 a day. In ‘B’ class cities, it should be Rs. 150 and in ‘C’ class cities Rs. 120. The commission also made a slew of recommendations for the welfare of Safai Karamcharis including Rs. 5 lakh compensation for those who died while doing their work, especially clearing sewages in public and private households. She said officials from Indian Bank and Indian Overseas Bank had promised to implement all the recommendations of the commission in their organisations. IOB chairman S.A. Bhatt, Indian Bank chairman M.S. Sundararajan was among those who participated in the deliberations. She said that she would recommend to the Prime Minister to stop releasing funds to State governments that had not utilised the amount allotted to them for rehabilitation of scavengers. Ms. Chowdhary, who was here to discuss the efforts taken by Indian Overseas Bank, Indian Bank and THADCO to rehabilitate scavengers, told reporters that the deadline given by the UPA government to eradicate manual scavenging by December 31, 2007, had to be extended to March 31, 2009 because of the State governments.
The TN’s claim[3]: The speech of Prof. K. Anbazhagan, Minister for Finance, Government of Tamil Nadu, presenting the Budget for 2008-2009 to the Legislative Assembly on 20th March, 2008 refers to the issue as follows:
Welfare of Sanitary Workers
127. With a view to eradicating the abhorrent practice of manual scavenging and rehabilitating those who were engaged in this profession, this Government has been implementing rehabilitation schemes for manual scavengers to the tune of Rs.56 crores. Having regard to the fact that the persons engaged in sanitary work belong to the lowest strata of the society, this Government has established a separate welfare board for them and is providing various welfare benefits to them. Deeply concerned with their welfare, this Government will provide protective gear to those who are engaged in clearing the blockage in sewer lines. Also, special machinery will be used so as to avoid the need for these workers working inside these sewer pipelines. Sanitary and sewer workers will be provided with health insurance and annual medical check up free of cost.
128. Having regard to the fact that Arundhatiars are at the lowest rung of socio-economic and educational status, it is felt necessary to provide them special concessions. Accordingly, with a view to considering the possibility of providing special reservation for them within the quota of reservation for Arundhatiars, this Government had convened an all party meeting on 12.3.2008. It was resolved in this meeting to provide for special reservation for Arundhatiars within the quota of reservation for Adi Dravidars and to constitute an One Man Committee headed by Justice Thiru M.S. Janardhanam, retired High Court Judge to enquire comprehensively and recommend to the Government after consulting, if necessary, the commission constituted based on the decision of the Union Cabinet, the list of communities coming under Arundhatiars and the percentage of reservation based on the population of Arundhatiars. After obtaining the report of the Committee within six months, the Government would take necessary action to opertionalise the same.
Why the Dravidian politicians are not implementing such welfare schemes? If they were really conscious about the scavengers or for their welfare, they would not have kept quite. None could keep quite when funds are there, as the politicians have been capable of using such funds for their benefits. However, still, it is intriguing that they did not care. Why? Perhaps, that money would smell bad? Or as they are interested in crores, these lakhs are nothing and therefore, they decided not to involve in such dirty work or stinking work. Of course, the Tamil actors have exploiting in scenes as usual!
Why Ambedkar, EVR and others failed in Tamilnadu? What the Dravidian politicians, ideologists and protagonists swearing in the name of Ambedkar[4] and EVR parading all over Tamilnadu adding their photos in their wall posters for every tamasha are going to say for this fact pointed out? Like Mahathma Gandhi would they clean their latrines themselves? Even Ambedkar responded as follows[5]:
“For in India a man is not scavenger because of his work. He is a scavenger because of his birth, irrespective of the question whether he does scavenging or not. If Gandhism preached that scavenging is a noble profession, with the objective of inducing those who refuse to engage in it, one could understand it. But why appeal to the scavenger’s pride and vanity in order to induce him and him only to keep on to scavenging by telling him that scavenging is a noble profession and that he need not to be ashamed of it.”
Or carry their faeces / excreta and dispose off? They want to appropriate his titles, confer such titles on them, but they do not want to follow them! What an irony? They have never married any scavenging lady or allow their sons and daughter to prove their valour of “Social justice”, “Inter-caste marriage”! They always want white-skinned[6] beautiful and cinema-actress-like wives. Even, if they are “Brahmins”, they[7] are not bothered! The so-many Dravidian engineers, IAS officers, experts and others do not care, though they go on talk on political platforms.
Would Lallu, the self-styled Professor be held responsible for Railway manual scavenging? The Railway stations have been the place where the manual scavenging could be seen by all but all keep quite as their shit is removed and cleaned. The manual scavenger either taken them in buckets and remove or in big stations or wash away with water pipes flushing with pressurised water. The Management-teaching Professor in IIMs and even for foreign students could not find any method to eradicate this evil! The railways have not modified the coaches to collect refuse and arrange safe disposal of the same, even though they have the technical expertise and resources to stop this. Still, Lallu claims that Railway is earning profits because of his “management miracles”!
More Telugu-speaking scavengers are employed in Chennai Corporation: It has to be noted that large number of scavengers and other menial works employed in Chennai Corporation have been Telegu speaking STs and SCs (their caste names need not be mentioned). A study[8] conducted in 2000 gave interesting details that they are preferred for their innocence, sincerity and honesty. Moreover, they point out that their Tamil-counterparts do not do this dirty work. Why then the Dravidians engage such the most original Dravidians for such menial work? What Stalin was doing when he was donning the colourful robes of Mayor and ruling “Singara Chennai”? Why even Kanimozhi, another Dravidian royal successor hobnobbing with eunuchs etc., never bothered about them? What is this “Dravidian brotherhood”?
Of course in Tamilnadu Arunthathiyars[9] are exploited for this work. But when the question of reservation comes, they debate about it suppressing the facts[10]. Ironically, the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrine (Prohibition) Act was passed in 1993. It stipulates imprisonment up to a year and fines up to Rs.2, 000 or both. Manual scavenging is in violation of the fundamental rights of Article 14 (equality before law), Article 17 (abolition of untouchability) and Article 23 (right against exploitation). But our Dravidian warriors of social justice never care for this Act to book the offenders!
Under the guise of “Conservancy work”, they are exploited: The “conservancy workers” are nothing but a class of people who are loathed upon even by those whose excreta they carry on their heads, generation after generation, without any defiance. The Dravidian historians do research into these facts. The most prevalent method of manual scavenging is sweeping night soil on the street (dry latrines), followed by cleaning of water borne toilets. Removal of bodies and dead animals is the third most common practice of manual scavenging, followed by sewerage sweeping and getting down into drainage and cleaning up. Now under the guise of “house-keeping”, the MNC-brand of exploiters have joined. The abhorrent practice[11] is exposed by the columnists, but who cares?
The British built dry-latrine and promoted “manual scavenging: After the Mohammedan rulers, who purposely employed certain Indians[12], particularly after capturing them during raids and battles, made them slaves and work as their scavengers. The European groups succeeded slowly in capturing business and parts of India also followed such practice. For the British introduced the first sanitation Bill in India in 1878, which made the construction of toilets compulsory even in huts in Calcutta (now Kolkata), then the capital of India. The Bill also proposed the construction of public toilets. Manual scavenging is manual removal of excreta (night soil) from “dry toilets”, i.e., toilet without the modern flush system, especially in the Indian subcontinent.
The system of building public toilets and employing people to remove the excreta was introduced during the British rule in India perhaps in the late 19th century when municipalities were organized. The toilets often used a container that needed to be emptied daily. Such toilets appear to have been unknown in ancient India. Since most settlements were small and surrounded by fields or forests, people used to just walk out. During the early British period, the sizes of the towns grew, requiring a need to public sanitation.
Dravidian politicians inherited the British legacy through “Madras Corporation”: M. Nachiappan[13] in the same forum has already pointed out the politicisation, communalization and political exploitation as follows:
“I wish to clarify as follows:
1. The concept of “dalit” was not there when the Census Commissioner was dividing the Indians in 1909 or so.
2. The Mohammedans impressed upon the British to group them separately. Note, as mentioned above, “They recognized Muslims as a distinct entity by giving separate electorate in 1909. In the year, 1910, the Census Commissioner of India chose to divide the Hindu population into: (i) Hindus, (ii) Animists and (iii) depressed classes or untouchables. Previously, the division was always based on religion”. Again, it was the Mohammedans who compelled the British to group the “depressed classes or untouchables” separately.
3. Of course the British too played a role in it. As K. N. Kadam points out in his book, “The Meaning of the Ambedkarite Conversion to Buddhism and other Essays”, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1997, pp.35-36, they engaged untouchables for their work and the missionaries accommodated them by providing material benefits.
4. In fact, even EVR did not care for “untouchables” during his times.
5. Therefore, there is no question of discovering or inventing “dalits” at a time, even the concerned politicians were struggling to assert their position through one way or the other.
6. Thus under such categorization, many times “Sudras” were grouped with “untouchables” and vice versa. This dilemma could be noted in the writings of so-called “Dalitologists”. Thus, V. T. Rajasekhara Shetty used to accuse EVR that he “failed to persuade Shudras to embrace Islam”.
7. Therefore, when Vivekananda declared himself as “Paraiah”, he in fact, asserts the Hindu nature of them – the untouchables.
8. That is why Ambedkar has carefully accommodated under the Presidential Order 1950.
9. Now, the Christians and Muslims try to circumvent the Order to fool Ambedkar”s provision made for SCs. They even do not care for the Supreme Court judgment – Soosai vs Union of India.
10. Of course, the media and the politicians aid and abet with the Christians and Muslims carrying out their orchestrated propaganda nationally and internationally.
11. In any case, the losers would be the real and genuine SCs. As Karunanidhi has fooled the BCs of Tamilnadu by cutting their 7% and gave away to Christians and Muslims, here also, they want to fool the SCs.
12. Any way, who cares for Supreme Court? They could bring international pressure to pressurize SC to go against SC.
13. Nowadays, many have started misinterpreting Ambedkar and his writings.”
The Manual Scavenging Expanded and Entrenched during the British Rule: In spite of the reality or the factual past, the United Nations Human Development Report, 2001 says that in India only 28 per cent of the population has sustained access to improved sanitation, against 98 per cent in Sri Lanka, 41 in Bangladesh and 36 in Pakistan. In 1983, the national sample survey showed that around 50 per cent of people in the higher income brackets had access to flush latrines that are usually connected to sewerage systems. By contrast, fewer than 40 per cent of the poor were found to have access to a latrine and about 70 per cent of those with latrine facilities shared them with others. In a historical overview she traces the origin of manual scavenging to the Narada Samhita, which mentions the disposal of human excreta as one of the 15 duties assigned to slaves. “In Vajasaneyi Samhita,” the author states, “chandalas were referred to as slaves engaged in the disposal of human excreta.”
Gita Ramaswamy[14] says that manual scavenging expanded phenomenally and entrenched itself under the British rule, particularly in the mid-18th century, but the “enpsychlopedia” asserts that the system of building public toilets and employing people to remove the excreta was introduced during the British in India perhaps in the late 19th century when municipalities were organized. It continues to say that “Such toilets appear to have been unknown in ancient India. Since most settlements were small and surrounded by fields or forests, people used to just walk out. During the early British period, the sizes of the towns grew, requiring a need to public sanitation”. So the correlation between the dry=latrine and the British is noted. “When urbanisation set in – which should have rationally led to scientific sewage practices – Hindu society found it convenient to force madigas and bhangis into manual scavenging”.
The Indian Tradition of Defecation: The Indian tradition of Defecation is nothing but ritualization according to Dharma sastras, which prescribe many interesting details[15]:
Apasthamba says that one should eat facing east direction, defecate facing south, urinate north and wash west. This is not ritual, but the latrine itself is constructed even now today exactly like this.
Manu prohibits defecating and urinating in the following places – on the way, cattle-shed, the land which has been ploughed with a plough, waterways, on the hills, the places where temples are situated, on the river banks, walking or standing, facing Sun, Moon, Fire, Cow, Wind etc. So here, also, the instructions have been more practical than ritualistic. The probitions attributed to Yama, Vishnu, Bodhayana also very similar.
Then come the elaborate cleaning and washing methods. As the places have been specifically prescribed, the question of disposal of feaces does not arise. Not only the places should be kept isolated and clean, after defecation or urination, the parts, hands and legs should be cleaned by applying earth and water. Even mouth has to be washed with goggling out the water. The water for cleaning should be carried and kept ready and washing should not be done near waterways or lakes or ponds. The washing should be carried out till the smell is gone.
Above all, the intention not to pollute nature and environment is clearly exhibited in such prohibitions. That the natural water storage systems should not be effected even by seepage, the waterways should not get polluted etc., have been easily understood. As the Indian philosophical, medical and biological concepts have been based on Panchabhuta tatva, every thinking and action is expected to be consonance with nature. That the Sastras deal with such subjects meticulously proves the Public health and hygienic consciousness ingrained in the minds of the law enforcers and followers.
So the possibility of meddling with Dharmasastras during Mughal period is sensed here. Just like “Brahmins should not cross the oceans”, “Brahmins should not till the lands” etc., these verses must have been inserted by the people, evidently, who composed works like “Allah-Upanishad”, “Bhavisya Purana” etc. A thorough research should be carried out in this regard, as Zakir Khan exploit with such spurious verses (any way, I do not know which Hindu recites Quranic verses like Zakir who recites Vedic verses from memory!).
Recently, we went to a village in AP along with a Osmania University research scholar, whose father has vast of agricultural lands there. In spite of “land wealth”, his father lives there like a farmer carrying out his day-to-day hard work. My friend during conversation apologetically tried to say the fact that their house at the village “does not have a latrine”! As his father has been tradition following man, though not very orthodox or even a Brahmin, he does not want the latrine in his house, so everybody has to wake up ealy in the nrning and complete their “morning duties”. Remember, the Itihasa and Puranas, which often mention that Indian Heroes, Rishis, Geat Men and women and others completing “morning duties”? So we also followed the rule. Here, where is the question of problem with human excreta? So, something happened somewhere to bring the problem. As the Indian system has been disturbed completely, we are facing problems in the westernized, modernized way.
Railways and users also responsible: As for as shitting at railway stations, we are to be blamed. How many of us are not shitting or urinating while the train stops at stations, in spite of the clear instructions painted beautifully inside every coach at the ends and even inside the latrines? Now, the cleaning employees have been given pressurised water pumps to flush away from the track at the stations. Our trains are not for carrying or storing shit and urine so that they can be disposed, as suggested. They we may have to have a coach exclusively for that purpose.
IT, MNCs and others produce huge shit and sewerage: By the way, when we are proud of IT and all for having many earning millions, why not some come forward to do research into this aspect and do good for the country? As Indiand have been subjected to all sorts of experiments – industrialization, modernization, westernization, globalization etc., they have been now totally de-Indianized and de-Hinduized also (no communalist interpretation or connotation please). Therefore, we cannot ask our people to go to the corners of the field to shit and wash in the pump or pond waters. Earlier times (till we were corrupted by the invaded rulers and the colonial ones), the shit was disposed naturally, now we have latrine inside our house in spite of talking about Vedas and Dharmasastras!
The Five-star culture contribute shit: So, having multi-storeyed buildings (including star hotels, guest houses and others), catering to the Indians and foreigners in India, we spend lot of water for toilets, while millions are without drinking water. Of course, we have so many experts – hydrologists and what not (now, our Stalin talks about Madras without any water problem). So our IT like ilk should come here to make India smell rather to stink, so that Geethas and others to go on write about “Stinking India”!
“Total Eradication of Manual Scavenging”: National Action Plan by 2007: V. Krishnamurthy[16] of Madurai, a reader of “The Hindu” pointed out aptly as follows: “The write-up by D. Karthikeyan(The Hindu, 4.12.2007) highlighting the plight of those who do conservancy work was a painful read. Nevertheless, the continuance of lifting human waste with hands and carrying the load on heads by a vulnerable section of the population, even after six decades of independence is deplorable. Though the year 2007 – which is fast drawing to a close – was envisioned as the deadline for the “Total Eradication of Manual Scavenging” by a National Action Plan, its existence to this day, speaks volumes about the lack of a concerned approach to wipe it out. To do away with the abhorrent system of manual scavenging, which is potentially hazardous to health, the Government may now consider pulling down all dry latrines across the State without delay and coerce people into using only flush toilets, avoiding open air defecation. One hopes, all positive steps needed to deal with the problem will be taken sooner rather than later.” When an honest citizen like him could remember, why not the persons – the rulers, the administrators and the politicians do not remember and care, but enjoy and waste time in composing poem, speaking at hundreds of marriages and cinema-functions etc?
No “politicized rhetoric”, but humane action is required: Though we talk about 21st century, Electricity generation by nuclear fission / fusion, use cell-phones, wear branded shirts and pants, eat pizzas, drink coca-colas and pepsi[17], voicing right to drink, dance[18] and date (as Tamils, Dravidians or otherwise) when the question of pissing and shitting come, we are animals only. The horrible nuisance, we create is inhumane – the roadsides and railway stations are the best examples. Why these IT-fellow should not think of constructing toilets for pissing and shitting?
However, the real culprit has been the Dravidian politicians, who have been cheating us for the last 30 years by ruling, 40 years by doing propaganda and 50 years by acting against Gandhi. The construction of Public urinals at bus-stands, railway stations and where people gather in large numbers has been necessity, but politicians / rulers are not doing that. Even though, they cost less, they do not do – this is the prime criminal act, they commit, that is inexplicable. What is the use of talking, talking…………….
VEDAPRAKASH
23-08-2008
[1] Santosh Chowdhary, “Tamil Nadu employing huge number of scavengers”, in “The Hindu” dated 23-08-2008, see at: http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/23/stories/2008082360661000.htm
[2] Ibid.
[3] http://www.tn.gov.in/budget/budsp_3.htm
[4] Note Ambedkar has done a lot for them. Therefore only those who are using / misusing his name are blamed and pointed out.
[5] Dr. B. R. Ambedkar (Baba Saheb Ambedkar’s Writings and Speeches, What Gandhi and Congress have done to the Untouchables and
……………………….., Mr. Gandhi and the Emanicipation of the Untouchables, both in Volume-.9, published by Government of Maharastra
[6] Once Ram Vilas Paswan’s first wife lamented about her husband going after such lady!
[7] Karunanidhi got one through his broker – SAVI!!
[8] Conducted by Bharatiya Itihasa Sankalana Samiti and Institute for the Study of western Religions in 2000 collecting details, interviewing such scavengers and workers, their movement from border villages of AP to TN, the usage of Jet-Rodder vehicle (sewerage cleaning system) etc.
[9] D. Karthikeyan, Manual scavenging must not be reformed, but abolished, The Hindu dated 04-12-2007. See at: http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/04/stories/2007120494670300.htm
P. Sudhakar, Manual Scavenging on in Tirunelveli Corporation, in “The Hindu” dated 23-01-2008. See at:
http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/23/stories/2008012353700300.htm
[10] Recall the debate and discussion went on recently, just immediately after extending reservation to Mohammedans and Christians and the opposition of SC-leaders etc..
[11] S. Viswanathan, Exposing an abhorrent practice, Front line, Volume 23 – Issue 03, Feb. 11 – 24, 2006, http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2303/stories/20060224000808000.htm
[12] K. S. Lal, Muslim Slave System in Medieval India, Aditya prakashan, New Delhi, 1994.
……………., Indian Muslims: Who are they?, Aditya prakashan, New Delhi, 1993.
……………., Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India, Aditya prakashan, New Delhi, 1973.
[13] http://indiainteracts.com/utilities/printpage.php?source=blogcomments”id=2290″postid=28
[14] Gita Ramaswamy, India Stinking: Manual scavengers Scavengers in Andhra Pradesh and their work, Navayana Publishing, 54, I Floor, Savarirayalu Street, Pondicherry 605 008.
[15] For more details, see the following sites:
http://www.sulabhtoiletmuseum.org/html
http://www.plumbingworld.com/toilethistoryindia.html
[16] http://www.thehindu.com/2007/12/25/stories/2007122558700300.htm
[17] For more details, see the following sites:
http://www.sulabhtoiletmuseum.org/html
http://www.plumbingworld.com/toilethistoryindia.html
[18] Just watch VIJAY’s program “NIya-Nana”, our Dravidian youngsters come vying with each other to claim their right in such activities.
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